under-current, deep concern about conditions which are known to be wrong and to be in need of reform, if justice is to be done to the sense of humanity.

This is indicated in our field, by the publication of the well-known work of Donald Webster Cory, and a similar sociological study in England by Gordon. Westwood, with an introduction by Glover, one of the most prominent English. psychopathologists.

The epoch-making work by Kinsey, Martin, and Pomeroy is an impressive example of the way in which modern biology, using means which originate with the old schools, but handling them in a completely unorthodox way, turn us directly to man as a biological being, living in a world in which he has to make use of biological conditions as a very important aspect of his design of existence.

Both psychology and psychopathology have for years been in a state of slow but most radical revolution. Naturalistic philosophy had finally driven these sciences into a deadlock out of which they could be liberated only by a completely new choice of position. Among many innovations is the tendency to broaden the views on "man" and "woman", which up until now have been only descriptive, into a consideration of "male and female elements in man", as phenomena approached today in entirely new ways. The process of entering into living contact with the psychological totality, the total individual, as this new psychology tries to do, seems to promise better results than afforded by an analytical study of component parts. We are also beginning to realize that the importance of the totality qualitatively exceeds the sum of the components.

New vistas are revealed to psychopathology, also along therapeutic lines. These would not have been possible without the discoveries made by Freud and his followers, although too strong a domination of psychology by the doctrines of natural sciences, finally became a hindrance.

Since about 1930 revolutionary changes have taken place in psychiatric thinking, largely through the epoch-making work of the Swiss School. One of the most important fields of such change has been in the theory (and therapy) of so-called "sexual deviations." Until the appearance of the phenomenological or "deseins-analytical" psychiatry, psychiatry hardly knew what to do with these phenomena, so "curious" in the estimation of many people. The attempt had previously been made to look upon particular forms of sexual and erotic life as deviations from a certain standard, but not as phenomena in their own right. For the "deseins-analytical" school such a starting point was bound to be unacceptable, this school laying stress upon the physician's duty (whether in treating the patient, or in reporting on a sex delinquent) for contacting the patient's own world, i.e., a world in which the patient experiences himself as facing the world in his own individual way.

Careful studies based on this approach led to conclusions, highly surprising to many, that the classification and diagnosis of "sexual deviations" is a meaningless business, because we are dealing simply with a series of exceptional ways by which the individual tries to realize his own love-reality. It is for this reason that the view of "normal versus abnormal," which inhibits all deeper probing, is gradually being supplanted by a more differentiated approach, treating particular forms of erotic and sexual life as being "different", but having common aims. The fact that these forms are sometimes socially unacceptable (sadism, paedophilia, certain forms of fetichism, etc.) in no way detracts from the enormous value of this view, which has so deepened our understanding of these forms.

It is difficult to put into words how much this means in therapy. Whereas

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